豆袋椅發明
A. 跪求椅子英文翻譯資料(2007.6.28之前)
History of the chair
Main article: History of the chair
The chair is of extreme antiquity, although for many centuries and indeed for thousands of years it was an article of state and dignity rather than an article of ordinary use. "The chair" is still extensively used as the emblem of authority in the House of Commons in the United Kingdom and Canada, and in public meetings. It was not, in fact, until the 16th century that it became common anywhere. The chest, the bench and the stool were until then the ordinary seats of everyday life, and the number of chairs which have survived from an earlier date is exceedingly limited; most of such examples are of ecclesiastical or seigneurial origin. Our knowledge of the chairs of remote antiquity is derived almost entirely from monuments, sculpture and paintings. A few actual examples exist in the British Museum, in the Egyptian museum at Cairo, and elsewhere.
In ancient Asia chairs appear to have been of great richness and splendor[citation needed]. Fashioned of ebony and ivory, or of carved and gilded wood, they were covered with costly materials and supported upon representations of the legs of beasts or the figures of captives. The earliest known form of Greek chair, going back to five or six centuries before Christ, had a back but stood straight up, front and back. During Tang dynasty (618 - 907 AD), a higher seat first started to appear amongst the Chinese elite and their usage soon spread to all levels of society. By the 12th century seating on the floor was rare in China, unlike in other Asian countries where the custom continued, and the chair, or more commonly the stool, was used in the vast majority of houses throughout the country.
In Africa, it was owing in great measure to the Bull War that the chair ceased to be a privilege of state, and became the customary companion of whoever could afford to buy it. Once the idea of privilege faded the chair speedily came into general use. We find almost at once that the chair began to change every few years to reflect the fashions of the hour.
The 20th century saw an increasing use of technology in chair construction with such things as all-metal folding chairs, metal-legged chairs, the Slumber Chair, moulded plastic chairs and ergonomic chairs. The recliner became a popular form, at least in part e to radio and television, and later a two-part. The modern movement of the 1960s proced new forms of chairs: the butterfly chair, bean bags, and the egg-shaped pod chair. Technological advances led to molded plywood and wood laminate chairs, as well as chairs made of leather or polymers. Mechanical technology incorporated into the chair enabled adjustable chairs, especially for office use. Motors embedded in the chair resulted in massage chairs.
Design and ergonomics
This unusual rocking chair is made of rough wood to give it a rustic look.Chair design considers intended usage, ergonomics (how comfortable it is for the occupant), as well as non-ergonomic functional requirements such as size, stack ability, fold ability, weight, rability, stain resistance and artistic design. Intended usage determines the desired seating position. "Task chairs", or any chair intended for people to work at a desk or table, including dining chairs, can only recline very slightly; otherwise the occupant is too far away from the desk or table. Dental chairs are necessarily reclined. Easy chairs for watching television or movies are somewhere in between depending on the height of the screen.
Ergonomic designs distributes the weight of the occupant to various parts of the body. A seat that is higher results in dangling feet and increased pressure on the underside of the knees ("popliteal fold"). It may also result in no weight on the feet which means more weight elsewhere. A lower seat may shift too much weight to the "seat bones" ("ischial tuberosities").
A reclining seat and back will shift weight to the occupant's back. This may be more comfortable for some in recing weight on the seat area, but may be problematic for others who have bad backs. In general, if the occupant is suppose to sit for a long time, weight needs to be taken off the seat area and thus "easy" chairs intended for long periods of sitting are generally at least slightly reclined. However, reclining may not be suitable for chairs intended for work or eating at table.
The back of the chair will support some of the weight of the occupant, recing the weight on other parts of the body. In general, backrests come in three heights: Lower back backrests support only the lumbar region. Shoulder height backrests support the entire back and shoulders. Headrests support the head as well and are important in vehicles for preventing "whiplash" neck injuries in rear-end collisions where the head is jerked back suddenly. Reclining chairs typically have at least shoulder height backrests to shift weight to the shoulders instead of just the lower back.
Some chairs have foot rests. A stool or other simple chair may have a simple straight or curved bar near the bottom for the sitter to place his/her feet on.
A kneeling chair adds an additional body part, the knees, to support the weight of the body. A sit-stand chair distributes most of the weight of the occupant to the feet.
ChurchchairsMany chairs are padded or have cushions. Padding can be on the seat of the chair only, on the seat and back, or also on any arm rests and/or foot rest the chair may have. Padding will not shift the weight to different parts of the body (unless the chair is so soft that the shape is altered). However, padding does distribute the weight by increasing the area of contact between the chair and the body. A hard wood chair feels hard because the contact point between the occupant and the chair is small. The same body weight over a smaller area means greater pressure on that area. Spreading the area reces the pressure at any given point. In lieu of padding, flexible materials, such as wicker, may be used instead with similar effects of distributing the weight. Since most of the body weight is supported in the back of the seat, padding there should be firmer than the front of the seat which only has the weight of the legs to support. Chairs that have padding that is the same density front and back will feel soft in the back area and hard to the underside of the knees.
There may be cases where padding is not desirable. For example, in chairs that are intended primarily for outdoor use. Where padding is not desirable, contouring may be used instead. A contoured seat pan attempts to distribute weight without padding. By matching the shape of the occupant's buttocks, weight is distributed and maximum pressure is reced.
Actual chair dimensions are determined by measurements of the human body or anthropometric measurements. Indivials may be measured for a custom chair. Anthropometric statistics may be gathered for mass proced chairs. The two most relevant anthropometric measurement for chair design is the popliteal height and buttock popliteal length.
For someone seated, the popliteal height is the distance from the underside of the foot to the underside of the thigh at the knees. It is sometimes called the "stool height". (The term "sitting height" is reserved for the height to the top of the head when seated.) For American men, the median popliteal height is 16.3 inches and for American women it is 15.0 inches[1]. The popliteal height, after adjusting for heels, clothing and other issues is used to determine the height of the chair seat. Mass proced chairs are typically 17 inches high.
For someone seated, the buttock popliteal length is the horizontal distance from the back most part of the buttocks to the back of the lower leg. This anthropometric measurement is used to determine the seat depth. Mass proced chairs are typically 38-43 cm deep.
Additional anthropometric measurements may be relevant to designing a chair. Hip breadth is used for chair width and armrest width. Elbow rest height is used to determine the height of the armrests. The buttock-knee length is used to determine "leg room" between rows of chairs. "Seat pitch" is the distance between rows of seats. In some airplanes and stadiums the seat pitch is so small that sometimes there is insufficient leg room for the average person.
For adjustable chairs, such as an office chair, the aforementioned principles are applied in adjusting the chair to the indivial occupant.
歷史上的椅子:
歷史上的椅子是極其古老, 雖然對許多國家數百年乃至數千年,它是第一個國家與尊嚴,而非 一篇普通使用. "椅子" ,至今仍廣泛地用作會徽管理局在下議院在英國 與加拿大,並在公眾集會活動. 它不是,但事實上,直到16世紀,它成了共同的地方. 他的胸部,法官與糞便,直到當時的普通座位日常生活中, 又有多少椅中倖存下來,從日期較早,是極為有限; 大多數的這些例子都是教會或seigneurial原產地. 我們所知的椅子遠古是幾乎全部來自紀念碑,雕塑和繪畫. 數個實例存在,在大英博物館,在埃及博物館,在開羅和其他地方. 在古代亞洲椅似乎已非常豐富與輝煌[引文] . 飲茶的烏木,象牙,木雕和鍍金木, 他們蓋著昂貴的材料和支持經交涉四腳獸或是數字的俘虜. 已知最早的形式希臘椅子,可追溯到五,六百年前,基督 已經回來了,但水量直線上升,前方與後方. 在唐代( 618-907 AD ) ,去 高一坐下便開始出現在中國的精英及其用法很快蔓延到各級 社會. 由12世紀座位的地板上實屬罕見,中國 不像其他亞洲國家的習俗繼續,而椅子上,或更普遍的大便, 被用在絕大多數的房子在全國各地. 在非洲, 這是由於在很大的程度上的牛戰,椅子不再是一種特權的國家, 並成為習慣性伴侶,誰能買得起. 一旦觀念淡化特權主持迅速生效一般使用. 我們發現幾乎沒有一次說,椅子開始出現變化,每隔幾年反映了時裝的 小時. 20世紀出現了越來越多地使用技術在椅子建設等事情全金屬折疊椅, 金屬腿的椅子,椅子蕭蕭,塑料椅和人體工學椅等. 該爐成為一個廣受歡迎的形式,至少部分是由於電台和電視台,但後來有兩部分組成. 現代運動的六十年代產生新形式的椅子:蝴蝶椅子上,豆袋, 而雞蛋形吊艙主持會議. 科技進步導致模壓膠合板,木材膠椅,以及椅子製成皮革或聚合物. 機械技術納入椅子,使可調式座椅,特別是辦公用. 內置馬達在椅子導致按摩椅等. 設計和人體工學的這一不尋常的搖動椅子是用粗木給它一個土氣look.chair認為設計 有意使用,工效(如何舒適,是它的主人) ,以及非人體工學功能要求,如尺寸, 堆疊能力,有能力的十倍,重量,耐用性,耐沾污性和藝術設計. 旨在確定使用理想坐姿. "工作椅" ,還是有椅子供人們在工作案頭或桌上,包括吃飯用的椅子, 只能橫卧很輕微; 否則主人是太遠案頭或桌上. 椅一定斜卧. 易椅為觀看電視或電影,是介於兩者之間依靠高度的畫面. 符合人體工學設計的分布重量的乘員,以身體的各個部位. 一個席位,但結果偏高,在半空中的腳,並增加壓力,底下的膝蓋( "腘倍" ) . 它也可能導致無重量的雙腳即更重視地方. 較低的席位有可能轉向太多重量的"席位的骨頭" ( "坐骨結節" ) . 一個斜倚座位及背部將重量轉移到主人回來了. 這可能是更舒適一些減肥的座位區, 但可能是一個問題,對別人有不好的裝飾品. 一般來說,如果是主人,就算坐了很久, 重量須起飛的座位區,所以"易"椅子打算長時間坐在正 一般來說至少是輕微斜卧. 不過,斜倚未必適合椅子准備工作,還是在吃飯桌上. 後面的椅子會支持一些的重量是佔領者, 減輕體重對身體的其它部位. 一般來說,椅背有三大高峰:腰背椅背只支持腰部. 肩膀高度椅背支持整個背部和肩部. 頭枕支持頭部,並有重要的車輛,為防止"鞭打"頸部受傷,在追尾碰撞中的 頭部的選手突然回來. 斜倚椅通常至少有肩膀高度椅背轉移重量到肩上,而非僅是降低 回來. 有椅子有腳踏板. 一張凳或其他簡單的話,可能有一個簡單的直線或彎曲桿靠近底部的爸 把他/她的腳. 一個跪在椅子增添額外的部位,膝蓋,以支持體重的身體. 靜坐站在椅子派發大部分重量的乘員的腳. churchchairsmany椅子是軟墊或海綿. 灌水,可在所在地的只有座椅,在座椅背部 還是任何責任手臂和/或腳休息的椅子都可以. 灌水不要把重量不同的身體部位(除非椅子是這么軟, 形狀改變) . 不過,灌水並派發重量增加接觸面積之間椅子和身體. 硬木椅覺得辛苦,因為接觸點的佔用和椅子是小. 同樣體重超過一個較小面積意味著更大的壓力,這方面的工作. 散布面積減少的壓力,在任何特定點. 代替填充彈性材料,如柳條,可以用來取代具有類似效應的分布重量. 由於大部份的體重是支持後面的座位, 灌水應堅挺比最前排的座位上只有重量的腿 支持. 椅子有填充題是相同的密度前後會感到柔軟的背部和地區 硬地底下的膝蓋. 有可能在某些情況下填充是不可取的. 例如,在椅子,其目的主要是為戶外使用. 如果灌水是不可取的,勾邊,可代替. 圈定一個席位潘企圖分發重量不含填料. 匹配的形狀,主人的屁股,重量分布和最高壓力降低. 實際尺寸椅子是由測量人體或人體測量. 個人可測得的習俗主持會議. 體位統計可能聚集大量出產的椅子上. 最相關的兩種體位測量椅子設計是腘高度臀部和膝部的長度. 有人坐著, 腘身高的距離下部腳下的下部,大腿的 膝蓋. 它有時被稱為"小凳子高度" . (術語"坐高" ,是預留了高度的頭頂坐) . 美國男子 位數腘身高16.3英寸的美國婦女是15.0英寸[1] . 腘高度調整後,清遠, 衣服和其他問題,是用來確定高度的椅子坐下. 批量生產椅子通常是17英寸高. 有人坐著, 臀部腘長度是橫向距離回大部份的臀背部 小腿. 這種測量,是用來確定座位的深度. 批量生產椅子通常38-43厘米深. 額外的測量,可為相關設計一張椅子. 髖廣度是用於寬度椅子扶手和寬度. 肘部休息身高是用來確定高度的扶手. 臀部-膝蓋長度來確定的"一站室"之間的一排排椅子上. "座椅" ,是距離排座位. 在一些飛機和體育場館的座椅是那麼小,有時沒有足夠的腿部空間,讓 一般人負擔得起. 可調式座椅,如辦公椅上, 上述原則適用於調整椅子的人入廁.
B. 什麼是豆袋椅 豆袋沙發的起源
豆袋椅或豆袋沙發又稱懶人沙發和懶骨頭、軟體家居、豆豆袋、beanbag，顧名思義，它是一個大袋子，外套可以是滌綸布、純棉布、麂皮絨、長毛絨等，里套是選用懶人沙發透氣性好的無紡布套，內填是高密度聚苯乙烯粒子(又叫保麗龍粒子)。你可不要小看這個布包哦，你隨便往它「身上」一坐它就會給個熱情的擁抱給你，它比一般的傢具更要柔軟舒適，一坐下就舒服得不想起來啦。
人沙發是對舒服和安逸的設計進行革新的結果。20世紀60年代，原本見解統一的設計界興起了波瀾，人們開始懷疑以前的那些想當然的設計理念，試圖突破傳統。在抗議思潮興起之際，蓋蒂（Gatti）、鮑里尼（Paolini）和泰澳多羅（Teodoro）於1965年在都靈創立了一家設計公司，試圖設計出一種既能滿足即舒適又迎合當時浮躁的青年求變的興趣的軟體沙發。他們從傾倒塑料垃圾的袋子中找到了靈感，從而製作出懶人沙發（豆袋椅）的雛形。最初製成的懶人沙發（豆袋椅）由1200萬個小塑料球組成，成本低，用途多，並且能夠滿足「任何形體、任何地點、任何地表」需求。
1970年，懶人沙發（豆袋椅）在倫敦維多利亞和阿爾伯特博物館舉辦的「1918年至1970年現代椅子展覽會」展出，並被收藏。盡管設計師一開始並非有意創作出讓人頂禮膜拜的作品，但是優雅而舒適的豆袋沙發。自此之後流行經典，時代的象徵。2001年，豆袋傢具進入中國，並以一種嬉皮而懶散的形式讓一眾年輕人趨之若鶩。經過改良的豆袋傢具再度吸引了國人的眼球。
C. 有念巢匯馨住宅傢具可以卧室放置的單人椅嗎
有的，目前念巢匯馨住宅傢具的大部分單人椅都是適合擺在卧室或者陽台的，你可以版根據自己的卧室面積權，如果卧室空間大一點，可以放置有腿凳的躺椅、搖椅，如果卧室面積稍小一些，也有佔地僅1平米不到的蝸牛椅、老虎椅；甚至再小一點的你還可以選擇豆袋沙發，更是不佔空間。
D. 豆袋椅是什麼意思
這個軟塌塌的傢伙是用黑色皮革或織物的袋子裝上無數聚苯乙烯顆粒製成內。豆袋椅容幾乎放棄了傳統椅子的所有部位——座位、靠背、扶手、椅腿，而是可以按照使用者的體型和姿勢來隨意塑造自身的形態，擺在家裡甚至還可以當成一件裝飾雕塑。作為後世無數豆袋椅（包括宜家裡的類似作品，記得當年曾流行一時很受小資青睞）的原型，豆袋椅開創了傢具設計的全新時代。如今，豆袋椅已成為設計史上的經典作品，被包括紐約現代藝術博物館在內的著名博物館收藏，並經常出現在設計史教材中。
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